Stomach

The stomach is a sac-like, muscular organ which is involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. It is part of the digestive tract as it is located between the esophagus and the intestines. The word stomach is derived from the Latin stomachus, which derives from the Greek word stomachos. The human stomach is a muscular, elastic, pear-shaped bag, lying crosswise in the abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm. It changes size and shape according to the position of the body and the amount of food inside. The stomach's capacity is about 1 liter in an adult.

The stomach has two smooth muscle valves, or sphincters, which keep the contents of the stomach contained. They are the esophageal sphincter that is found in the cardiac region and divides the tract above, and the Pyloric sphincter which divides the stomach from the small intestine. Food enters the stomach from the esophagus through the esophageal sphincter, which prevents food from passing back to the esophagus.

The stomach consists of five layers. Starting from the inside, the innermost layer is called the mucosa. Stomach acid and digestive juices are secreted by the mucosa layer. The next layer is called the submucosa, which is surrounded by the muscularis, a layer of muscle that moves and mixes the stomach contents. The next two layers, the subserosa and the serosa are the wrapping for the stomach. The serosa is the outermost layer of the stomach. The stomach is surrounded by parasympathetic (stimulant) and orthosympathetic (inhibitor) nervous plexuses (anterior gastric, posterior, superior and inferior, celiac and myenteric). These plexuses regulate both the secretory activity and the motor activity of the muscles.

Four major types of secretory epithelial cells cover the inner surface of the stomach and extend down into gastric pits and glands. Mucous cells secrete an alkaline mucus that protects the epithelium against shear stress and acid. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid. Chief cells produce pepsin, a proteolytic enzyme. G cells secrete the hormone gastrin.

Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma is a malignant tumor of the pancreas. Pancreatic cancer is sometimes called a "silent disease" because pancreatic adenocarcinoma often does not cause symptoms in its early stages, but the later symptoms include: pain in the upper abdomen that typically radiates to the back and is relieved by leaning forward (seen in carcinoma of the body or tail of the pancreas); loss of appetite (anorexia), and/or nausea and vomiting; significant weight loss; painless jaundice (yellow skin/eyes, dark urine) related to bile duct obstruction (carcinoma of the head of the pancreas). This may also cause acholic stool and steatorrhea.

All of these symptoms can have multiple other causes. Therefore, pancreatic cancer is often not diagnosed until it is advanced.

Each year about 37,680 individuals in the United States are diagnosed with this condition, and 34,290 die from the disease. In Europe more than 60,000 are diagnosed each year. Depending on the extent of the tumor at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis is generally regarded as poor, with less than 5 percent of those diagnosed still alive five years after diagnosis, and complete remission still extremely rare. About 95 percent of pancreatic tumors are adenocarcinomas. The remaining 5 percent include other tumors of the exocrine pancreas, acinar cell cancers, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. These tumors have a completely different diagnostic and therapeutic profile, and generally a more favorable prognosis.